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• Erstellungsdatum 24. Januar 2026
• Zuletzt aktualisiert 24. Januar 2026

Carrageenan and insulin resistance

Results

Insulin sensitivity, circulating inflammatory markers, and intestinal permeability Characteristics of the study participants at randomisation are shown in Table S1. None of the participants fulfilled the criteria of metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III [18].

Carrageenan supplementation was well tolerated. There were no exposure-related adverse events. Results for all pre-specified study endpoints are
shown in Table S2. The primary outcome was insulin sensitivity assessed from an OGTT, representing whole-body insulin sensitivity. The co-primary end-point was whole-body insulin sensitivity measured during hyperin-sulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, predominantly representing skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in the young and non-obese subjects.

None of these variables showed differences between treatments (n = 20 pairs for the OGTT and n = 19 pairs for clamp, p = 0.52 for both, Fig. 1A, B).
Hepatic insulin sensitivity was not different between exposures (n = 19 pairs, p = 0.88, see Fig. 1C).

Hypothalamic insulin response, representing brain insulin sensitivity (N = 17, p = 0.09), hypothalamic inflammation (N = 17, p = 0.2), and hepatic triglyceride content (p = 0.6), also did not differ between treatments. The lactulose-mannitol ratio was elevated during carrageenan exposure, showing an increased intestinal permeability during carrageenan intake (N = 19, p = 0.03, Fig. 2A).

There was no difference in C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels between the treatments (both p > 0.5). No carry-over effects were detected (p > 0.05).